Efecto de la suplementación con ácidos grasos n-3 sobre el perfil de lípidos séricos de ratas

RESUMEN La grasa alimentaria influye en la modulación de las funciones inmunitarias y los procesos inflamatorios; la mayor parte del impacto se atribuye a los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI). Los ácidos grasos esenciales (AGE), como el Ácido Linoleico (AL; 18:2n-6) y el Ácido α-Linolénico (AAL; 18:3n-3), que deben ser incorporados con la dieta, son precursores de otros ácidos grasos de gran importancia para el organismo. El AAL, perteneciente a la familia n-3, da origen a los ácidos Eicosapentaenoico (EPA; 20:5n-3) y Docosahexaenoico (DHA; 22:6n-3). Ellos confieren flexibilidad, fluidez y permeabilidad a las membranas, que favorece la salud cardiovascular, reduce el riesgo de deficiencias en la visión y el desarrollo neural de bebés y niños y de demencia en adultos mayores; algunos son precursores en la síntesis de prostaglandinas. También se han observado efectos en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades coronarias, hipertensión, diabetes, artritis, inflamaciones, desórdenes autoinmunes y cáncer. Estos efectos pueden explicarse a través de las acciones específicas de cada uno de ellos. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de una dieta a base de manteca, con y sin la suplementación de AGPI n-3 sobre los lípidos y perfil de AG séricos, de ratas en período de crecimiento activo. Ratas Wistar al destete, recibieron durante 10 días una dieta normocalórica a base de manteca (M). Los otros grupos recibieron la misma dieta suplementada con 24 mg/día de aceite de pescado (MP) -aportador de EPA y DHA- o aceite de chía (MCh)- que proporciona ácido α-linolénico (AAL). El control recibió dieta según AIN´93. Se determinó colesterol total y triglicéridos por métodos enzimáticos y el perfil de ácidos grasos sérico, por cromatografía gaseosa. Resultados: Los grupos M, MP y MCh mostraron niveles más bajos de linoleico y más altos de oleico serie n-9, comparados con C. Sólo M y MP presentan valores bajos de AAL. Los grupos MP y MCh presentaron altos niveles de EPA y DHA. La suplementación con aceite de chía, es más beneficiosa que con aceite de pescado, incrementando el EPA y DHA sérico junto con el AAL. Conclusión: No sólo es importante el porcentaje de lípidos dietarios que se consumen sino también el perfil de ácidos grasos que componen los alimentos.

ABSTRACT Dietary fat influences the modulation of immune functions and inflammatory processes; most of the impact is attributed to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids, such as Linoleic Acid (AL) and α-Linolenic Acid (ALA), which must be incorporated in the diet, are precursors of other fatty acids of great importance for the body. ALA, belonging to n-3 family, gives rise to Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. They confer flexibility, fluidity and selective permeability to the membranes, which favor cardiovascular health, reduce the risk of deficiencies in vision and neural development in infants and children, and dementia in older adults; some are precursors in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Effects have also been observed in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. These effects can be explained through the specific actions of each of them. The objective was to analyze the effect of a butter-based diet, with and without n-3 fatty acid supplementation, on the lipids and serum fatty acid profile of rats in a period of active growth. Wistar rats at weaning received a normo-caloric butter-based diet for 10 days (M). The other groups received the same diet supplemented with 24 mg / day of fish oil (MP) -providing EPA and DHA- or chia oil (MCh)- containing linolenic acid (ALA). The control (C) received a diet according to AIN'93. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic methods and the serum fatty acid profile, by gas chromatography. Results: M, MP and MCh groups showed lower levels of linoleic and higher levels of oleic-n-9, compared to C. Only M and MP have low values of ALA. The MP and MCh groups presented high levels of EPA and DHA. Chia oil supplementation is more beneficial than fish oil, increasing serum EPA and DHA along with ALA. Conclusion: Not only the dietary lipids percentage is important but also the fatty acid profile of the source too.

Evaluación oxidativa, microbiológica, sensorial y perfil de ácidos grasos de un yogur con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) extraído de aceite de microalgas / Oxidative, sensory and fatty acid profile evaluation of a yogurt with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) extracted from microalgae oil

RESUMEN Las necesidades de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), se incrementan en la mujer gestante para el desarrollo visual y neurológico del feto y el lactante. En este trabajo, se desarrolló y se evaluó un yogur adicionado con aceite de microalgas, que contribuyera a la recomendación dietaria de DHA en mujeres gestantes y lactantes. Se diseñaron tres formulaciones de yogur con 0,075; 0,125 y 0,175% de aceite de microalga y se compararon con una muestra control. Se evaluaron propiedades fisicoquímicas, sensoriales, microbiológicas, perfil de ácidos grasos, potencial antioxidante (ABTS, fenoles totales) y peroxidación lipídica (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]). Los yogures adicionados con el aceite de microalga cubrieron en 30, 45 y 63% las recomendaciones de DHA para mujeres gestantes y lactantes por porción (200 mL). Se observó estabilidad del ácido graso, excepto en la muestra de mayor adición del aceite. La muestra con adición de 0,125% de aceite de microalga fue la de mejor calificación por el panel sensorial. Todas las muestras cumplieron con el estándar microbiológico y fisicoquímico para un yogur entero adicionado con dulce. Se observó potencial antioxidante promisorio en el yogur, capaz de proteger el DHA. Se concluye que las bebidas lácteas como el yogur son matrices adecuadas para la adición de aceite de microalga con la finalidad de aumentar el DHA en la dieta, especialmente en etapas en que las necesidades de este componente son más altas, como en periodo de gestación y lactancia.

ABSTRACT The needs for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are increased during pregnancy for the visual and neurological development of the fetus and the breastfed infant. In this study, a yogurt with microalgae oil added to contribute to the dietary recommendation of DHA in pregnant and breastfeeding women was developed and evaluated. Three yogurt formulations were designed with 0.075; 0.125 and 0.175 microalgae oil percentage and compared with a control sample. Fatty acid profile, antioxidant potential (ABTS, total phenols), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbitrical acid reactive substances [TBARS]), physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological properties were evaluated. Yogurts with microalgae oil added covered 30, 45 and 63% of DHA recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women per portion (200 mL). Fat acid stability was observed, except in the one with the greatest oil addition. The sample with 0.125% of microalgae oil added was rated the highest by the sensory panel. All samples met the microbiological and physicochemical standard for a whole yogurt added with sugar. Promising antioxidant potential capable of protecting DHA was observed in the yogurt. We conclude that dairy drinks such as yogurt are suitable matrices for adding microalgae oil in order to increase DHA in the diet, especially in stages where the needs of this component are higher as is the case during pregnancy and lactation periods.

EFECTOS DE DIFERENTES FUENTES DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS N-3 (CHÍA, VEGETAL Y MARINA, ANIMAL) SOBRE COMPONENTES DEL SÍNDROME METABÓLICO EN MODELOS EXPERIMENTALES (RATAS/RATONES) / EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF N-3 FATTY ACIDS (CHIA, VEGETAL AND MARINE, ANIMAL) ON METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS (RATS/MOUSES)

El síndrome metabólico (SM) constituye una constelación de factores interrelacionados que elevan el riesgo de padecer enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. La composición de la dieta es crucial en la modificación de estos factores. Numerosos trabajos focalizaron su atención en fuentes de ácidos grasos n-3 de origen marino (animal) en el manejo de estos trastornos, pero más escasos y contemporáneos son aquellos de fuentes n-3 de origen vegetal.

Benefit-risk Assessment of Fish and Fish Products in the Norwegian Diet – An Update.

Request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) In September 2013, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority requested VKM to update relevant parts of the benefit-risk assessment of fish in the Norwegian diet published by VKM in 2006. The background for the request was new knowledge and data on the content of some nutrients and contaminants both for wild and farmed fish since 2006. The proportion of vegetable ingredients used in farmed fish feed has in recent years increased, and new national dietary surveys for adults and children have been conducted. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority referred to VKM’s report from 2006, which pointed out that the positive impact of fish consumption on public health was especially due to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D in fish. Further, VKM concluded that the contaminants that could pose a potential risk to public health through fish consumption mainly were methylmercury, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs). The request included a reassessment of fish consumption in Norway with focus on specific nutrients; n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin D, and the minerals iodine and selenium, and on specific contaminants; mercury, dioxins and dl-PCBs. VKM was asked to address the main changes in the use of raw materials in farmed fish feed and how these affect the levels of nutrients, mercury, dioxins and dl-PCBs and in fish feed. Further, VKM was asked to address to what extent levels of nutrients and contaminants in fish have changed since 2006, to describe these changes and estimate the human intake of the substances in question on the basis of recent dietary data. VKM was also requested to consider the benefits of eating fish with regard to the intake of nutrients and the risks associated with the intake of mercury, dioxins and dl-PCBs and comment on whether this change the conclusions from the report in 2006. Additionally, on the basis of updated knowledge, VKM was asked to comment whether other substances, like pesticide and residues of veterinary medicinal products, could affect the conclusions with regard to the impact on public health. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Directorate of Health will use the updated assessment as a basis for public recommendations concerning the consumption of fish and fish products. How VKM has Addressed the Request The VKM appointed a working group consisting of VKM members and external experts to answer the request. Several of the scientific panels of VKM reviewed the report during its preparation. The Scientific Steering Committee of VKM has given their final assessment and approval of the current report. In the current report, VKM has mainly used data from national surveillance and monitoring programs for nutrient and contaminant concentrations in fish feed, farmed fish and wild caught fish, but occurrence data have also been derived from peer reviewed articles. VKM has estimated fish consumption in three population groups (2-year-olds, adults and pregnant women). The estimated fish consumption was compared to national dietary guidelines. To assess health effects of fish consumption, the current estimated fish intakes were also compared with assessments done by recognised international bodies and results from epidemiological studies addressing possible associations between fish consumption and specific health outcomes. Literature searches were done to identify relevant epidemiological studies. VKM has not systematically assessed reviews or meta-analyses nor individual studies for weight of evidence, but merely summarised the studies retrieved from the literature search. It was considered being beyond the scope of this assessment to review individual studies included in reviews or meta-analyses. Furthermore, based on current fish consumption in the various population groups, intake of nutrients and exposure to contaminants from fish were estimated. For benefit characterisation of the specific nutrients the estimated nutrient intake was compared with national recommendations of nutrients intake and for EPA and DHA a comparison was also done with European recommendations. For risk characterization of contaminant exposure from fish, VKM used health based guidance values set by international risk assessment bodies (WHO, EFSA). VKM noted that the request from NFSA was restricted to fish, whereas the VKM report in 2006 included both fish and other seafood. VKM focused on specific nutrients and contaminants as requested by the NFSA. In addition, VKM also commented on other substances that could affect the risk assessment, such as residues of veterinary medicinal products including residues of antibiotics, new contaminants from fish feed like the pesticide endosulfan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mycotoxins, the synthetic antioxidants ethoxyquin, butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), as well as environmental contaminants like brominated flame retardants and perfluorated organic compounds Background In the Norwegian diet fish is important source of well-balanced proteins, and important nutrients such as EPA and DHA, vitamin D, iodine and selenium. On the other hand, fish is also a source of exposure to chemical contaminants like dioxins, PCBs and mercury. Over the last 10 years there has been a great change in raw materials used in fish feeds, and in 2013 terrestrial plant proteins and vegetable oils accounted for 70% of the feed. The changes in concentrations of nutrients and contaminants in fish feed for farmed Atlantic salmon and trout are reflected in changed concentrations and compositions of the same nutrients and contaminants in the farmed fish fillet. The current national dietary guideline is to eat fish as dinner meals 2-3 times per week for all age groups, representing 300-450 g fish per week for adults, including at least 200 g fatty fish, such as salmon, trout, mackerel and herring. Fish is also recommended as bread spread. Further, a daily supplement of vitamin D to infants from 4 weeks of age is recommended, and if this supplement is taken as cod liver oil it will in addition ensure an adequate supply of EPA and DHA. The present benefit-risk assessment is comprised of three elements, i.e. benefit assessment, risk assessment and benefit-risk comparison. This methodology is in accordance with the guidance given by EFSA in 2010. Fish Consumption in Norway and Comparison with National Dietary Guidelines VKM has used information about fish consumption from more recent national dietary surveys among 2-year-olds (Småbarnskost 2007) and adults at 18-70 years of age (Norkost 3, 2010/2011), as well as information for pregnant women who answered the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa2, 2002-2008) food frequency questionnaire. The national food consumption survey Ungkost 2000, which covers the age groups 4-, 9-, and 13-year-old children, was considered too old to be used and it is therefore not known if their fish consumption patterns have changed, neither in amount consumed nor type of fish consumed. Even though there are methodological differences between the dietary surveys used in 2006 and 2014, the amount of fish consumed appears to be unchanged for all population groups. Furthermore, in 2014, lean fish and fatty fish contribute with about 60 and 40 percent, respectively, of the total fish consumption, which is similar to 2006. Given a portion size of 150 g fish, the average adult eats fish equivalent to 2-3 dinner servings per week and the average pregnant woman eats fish equivalent to 1-2 dinner servings per week, while the average two-year-old eats fish equivalent to 1-2 dinner servings per week given a portion size of 75 g. The table below describes fish intake in the selected populations. Fish consumption (expressed as raw fish), mean grams (g) per week in 2-year-olds (Småbarnskost 2007, n=1674), adults (Norkost 3, n=1787) and pregnant women (MoBa, n=86277) Population groups Mean fish consumption g/week Fish roe Fish, total Lean fish (≤ 5% fat) Fatty fish (> 5% fat) and liver 2-year-olds 112 70 35 7 Adults 364 210 147 7 Pregnant women 217 126 77 14 VKM concludes that of the different population groups, only adults (18-70 years of age) with an average or higher fish consumption reach the national food based dietary guidelines for total fish consumption. Mean total fish consumption and fatty fish consumption in children (2-year-olds) and pregnant women, as well as the mean fatty fish consumption in adults are lower than recommended. In pregnant women and 2-year-olds, fish consumption is too low to meet the food based dietary guidelines Health Effects of Fish Consumption VKM is of the opinion that according to epidemiological studies, the net effects of the present average fish consumption in Norway for adults including pregnant women is beneficial for specific cardiovascular diseases (particularly cardiac mortality, but also with regard to ischaemic stroke, non-fatal coronary heart disease events, congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation), as well as for optimal neurodevelopment of foetus and infants. Furthermore, VKM is of the opinion that those with fish consumption less than one dinner serving per week may miss these beneficial effects. The health benefit of fish consumption is reported from 1-2 dinner servings per week and up to 3-4 dinner servings per week. For higher fish intake per week, the limited number of consumers in epidemiological studies does not allow for drawing firm conclusions about the actual balance of risk and benefit. More knowledge is needed to reveal the beneficial mechanisms of fish consumption. Benefit Characterisation of Nutrients in Fish VKM is of the opinion that there has been minor or no changes of the composition and concentrations of nutrients in wild caught fish since 2006. Due to replacement of fish oil and fish protein with plant prote

Relationship between triglycerides polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and visceral fat in patients with metabolic syndrome / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) can not been synthesized by the body-self.Serum triglycerides n-6 and n-3 PUFAs directly or indirectly reflect the corresponding unsaturated fatty acids intake from meals.This study was to investigate the relationship of serum triglycerides polyunsaturated fatty acid composition with the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA(n-6/n-3 PUFA) and magnetic resonance imaging measured intra-abdominal fat(MRI-IAF) with other body fat parameters of patients with metabolic syndrome.Methods Thirty-six patients with metabolic syndrome and 41 healthy controls were enrolled in this investigation.The relevance of serum triglycerides polyunsaturated fatty acids with MRI-IAF was observed.A stepwise regression analysis was applied to determine which kind of triglycerides polyunsaturated fatty acid could predict MRI-IAF,waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) more potent.Results In the metabolic syndrome group,blood sugar,lipid profiles,blood pressure,visceral fat accumulation-related parameters and serum triglycerides polyunsaturated fatty acid composition was worse than those in the control group.Compared with the healthy controls,n-6/n-3 PUFA was significantly increased(t=8.564,P＜0.05),although C18∶3 n-3,C20∶5 n-3(EPA),C22∶6 n-3(DHA) and n-3PUFA were significantly declined(t=-2.920,-7.034,all P＜0.05) in metabolic syndrome group.The difference of n-6 PUFA showed no statistically significant difference(t=-0.957,-1.494,P＞0.05).n-6/n-3 PUFA,n-3 PUFA,EPA and DHA were associated with MRI-IAF(r=-0.377,0.565,all P＜0.05); n-6/n-3 PUFA was correlated with the waist circumference(r=0.400,P=0.016) and BMI(r=0.357,P=0.033),while n6 PUFA showed no correlation with body fat parameters.N-6/n-3 PUFA was more potent to predict MRIIAF,waist circumference and BMI(adjusted R2=0.102,0.299,all P＜0.05) than other polyunsaturated fatty acids.Conclusions The ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA and n-3 PUFA may be positively correlated with EPA and DHA could be inversely associated with MRI-IAF and other body fat-related parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome,while n-6 PUFA did not show such a relationship.The ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA might be more potent to predict MRI-IAF and other body fat-related parameters.

Prevention of liver steatosis through fish oil supplementation: correlation of oxidative stress with insulin resistance and liver fatty acid content / Prevención de la esteatosis hepática mediante suplementación con aceite de pescado: correlación de los niveles hepáticos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados con el estrés oxidativo y la resistencia a la insulina

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is triggered by a nutritional-metabolic alteration characterized by triacylglicerides acumulation, insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress and depletion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, would be hepatoprotective against the development of NAFLD by stimulating lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis. So, fish oil supplementation (EPA + DHA) prevents HFDinduced NAFLD. In this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between liver oxidative stress with IR and levels of PUFA in supplemented mice. Male mice C57BL/6J (n=9) were fed for 12th week: a) control diet (20% protein, 70% carbohydrate, 10% lipids), b) control diet and fish oil supplementation (200 mg EPA+DHA/kg/day), c) high fat diet (20% protein, 20% carbohydrate, 60% lipids), and d) high fat diet and fish oil supplementation. Liver steatosis (histology), insulin resistance (HOMA), liver oxidative stress (GSH/GSSG, carbonyl protein and 8-isoprostanes) and liver fatty acid content were evaluated. The significant decrease in liver oxidative stress parameters (p<0.05, ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls test) were correlated (Pearson test) with HOMA and levels of PUFA, along with the hepatoprotection observed. It concludes that prevention of NAFLD by supplementation with fish oil (EPA+DHA) is dependent of the prevention of liver oxidative stress, IR and PUFA depletion.

La enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólica (EHGNA) está provocada por una alteración metabólico- nutricional caracterizada por la acumulación de triacilglicéridos, resistencia a la insulina, estrés oxidativo y disminución de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI). Los AGPI ω-3, como los ácidos eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), serían hepatoprotectores contra la EHGNA al estimular la lipolisis e inhibir la lipogénesis hepática. La suplementación con aceite de pescado (EPA + DHA) previene la esteatosis hepática inducida por una dieta alta en grasas. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la correlación entre el estrés oxidativo hepático, la resistencia a la insulina y los niveles de AGPI ω-3 en ratones suplementados. Ratones machos C57BL/6J (n=9) alimentados durante 12 semanas con: a) dieta control (20% proteína, 70% hidratos de carbono, 10% lípidos), b) dieta control y suplementación con 200 mg de EPA+DHA/kg/día, c) dieta alta en grasa (20% proteína, 20% hidratos de carbono, 60% lípidos), y d) dieta alta en grasas más EPA+DHA. Se evaluaron la esteatosis hepática (histología), resistencia a la insulina (HOMA), estrés oxidativo hepático (GSH/GSSG, proteínas carboniladas y 8-isoprostanos) y el contenido de ácidos grasos hepáticos. La disminución significativa en los parámetros hepáticos de estrés oxidativo (p <0,05, ANOVA seguido de Newman-Keuls) se correlacionó positivamente (test de Pearson) con el HOMA y los niveles de AGPI ω-3, junto con la hepatoprotección observada. Se concluye que la prevención de EHGNA por suplementación con EPA+DHA, se acompaña de una correlación inversa entre el estrés oxidativo y la resistencia a la insulina y la disminución de AGPI ω-3 hepáticos.

Beneficial effect of fish oil on bone mineral density and biomarkers of bone metabolism in rats

This study evaluated the effect of fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on bone characteristics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Weanling male rats were randomized to receive either a diet containing high fish oil (FO), fish oil blended with corn oil (FICO), or soy oil rich in n-6 fatty acids (SO) for 4 weeks. All diets provided 70 g/kg fat based on the AIN-93G diet. Growth and biomarkers of bone metabolism were analyzed, and femur bone characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After the dietary treatment, no significant differences among the diet groups were observed for serum concentrations of Ca, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, or osteocalcin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly greater in FO-fed rats compared to that in the FICO and SO groups, whereas no difference in deoxypyridinoline values was observed, supporting the positive effect of a FO diet on bone formation. These results were accompanied by a significant increase in femur bone mineral density (BMD) in FO-fed rats. These findings suggest that providing fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids correlates with higher alkaline phosphatase activity and BMD values, favoring bone formation in growing rats.

Effect of feeding hens trout by-product meal or tuna fish oil on production parameters and yolk fatty acid profile / Efecto de la alimentación de gallinas con ensilaje de vísceras de trucha o aceite de atún en parámetros productivos y perfil de ácidos grasos en yema de huevo / Efeito da alimentação de galinhas com silagem de vísceras de truta ou óleo de atum nos parâmetros produtivos e o perfil de ácidos graxos na gema de ovo

Objective: a study was conducted to evaluate two sources of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid enrichment, namely a trout by-product meal (TBPM) and tuna fish oil (TFO), as potential sources for egg yolk n-3 enrichment. Methods: Seventy-27 week old commercial layers were assigned to each of seven dietary treatments, as follows. Group 1: control; group 2: 5% TBPM; group 3: 10% TBPM; group 4: 15% TBPM; group 5: 20% TBPM; group 6: 2% TFO; and group 7: 3% TFO. The experimental diets were fed for 28 days. Results: no effect on production parameters was caused by the experimental diets. All diets containing TBPM or TFO significantly (p<0.05) increased n-3 egg yolk fatty acid content. Dietary levels of 5-20% TBPM increased egg yolk n-3 content between 1.97 and 3.54 times compared with control eggs. TFO levels of 2% and 3% increased the n-3 egg yolk content 3.37 and 4.13 times, respectively, compared with control eggs. The n-6/n-3 ratio in egg yolk lipids was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by the experimental diets. The n-6/n-3 ratio in control eggs was 16.79 compared with ratios ranging from 4.34 to 8.11 in enriched eggs. Conclusions: the results showed that both TBPM and TFO are good sources of n-3 fatty acid enrichment in eggs. Further studies are required in order to determine the effects of TBPM and TFO inclusion on the organoleptic quality of eggs.

Objetivo: se realizó un estudio para evaluar dos potenciales fuentes de enriquecimiento de ácidos grasos omega-3 (n-3) en yema de huevo: ensilaje de vísceras de trucha (TBPM) y aceite de atún (TFO). Métodos: un total de 70 gallinas de postura de 27 semanas se asignaron a siete tratamientos dietarios, así: grupo 1: control; grupo 2: 5% TBPM; grupo 3: 10% TBPM; grupo 4: 15% TBPM; grupo 5: 20% TBPM; grupo 6: 2% TFO y grupo 7: 3% TFO. Las dietas experimentales se suministraron durante 28 días. Resultados: no se encontraron efectos sobre los parámetros productivos a causa de las dietas experimentales, pero todas las dietas suplementadas con TBPM o TFO causaron un aumento significativo (p<0.05) en el contenido de n-3 de la yema. La suplementación de 5-20% de TBPM causó un incremento de n-3 de 1.97 a 3.54 veces, comparado con el contenido de n-3 de los huevos control. La suplementación de 2% y 3% de TFO incrementó en contenido de n-3 en 3.37 y 4.13 veces, respectivamente. La relación n-6/n-3 en los lípidos de la yema aumentó significativamente en las dietas experimentales siendo esta relación de 16.79 en los huevos control y de 4.34-8.11 en los huevos de gallinas suplementadas con las fuentes de n-3. Conclusiones: los resultados del presente estudio demuestran que tanto el TBPM como el TFO constituyen fuentes apropiadas de enriquecimiento de huevos con ácidos grasos n-3. Se requieren más estudios para determinar los efectos de estas materias primas en la calidad organoléptica del huevo.

Objetivo: Foi realizado um estudo para avaliar duas fontes potenciais de enriquecimento de ômega-3 (n-3) na gema de ovo: silagem de vísceras de truta (TBPM) e óleo de atum (TFO). Métodos: Um total de 70 galinhas poedeiras de 27 semanas, foram atribuídas a sete tratamentos dietéticos: grupo 1: controle, grupo 2: 5%TBPM, grupo 3: 10% TBPM, grupo 4: 15% TBPM, grupo 5: 20% TBPM, grupo 6: 2% TFO e grupo 7: TFO 3%. As dietas experimentais foram subministradas durante 28 dias. Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferencias nos parâmetros de produção por causa das dietas experimentais, mas todas as dietas suplementadas com TFO ou TBPM causaram um aumento significativo (p<0.05) no conteúdo de n-3 da gema. A suplementação de 5-20% de TBPM causou um aumento de n-3 de 1.97 a 3.54 vezes, em comparação com o conteúdo de n-3 do controle. A suplementação de 2% e 3% de TFO aumentou o conteúdo de n-3 em 3.37 e 4.13 vezes, respectivamente. A relação n-6/n-3 nos lipídios da gema aumentou significativamente nas dietas experimentais, sendo esta relação de 16.79 nos ovos do controle e de 4.43 a 8.11 em ovos de galinha suplementados com fontes de n-3. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que o TFO e o TBPM são fontes apropriadas de enriquecimento de ovos com n-3 ácidos graxos. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar os efeitos dessas matérias primas na qualidade organoléptica do ovo.

Acidos grasos de la leche materna madura de mujeres venezolanas de estratos socioeconómicos bajos: influencia de la temperatura y tiempo de almacenamiento / Fatty acids in mature breast milk from low socioeconomic levels of venezuelan women: influence of temperature and time of storage

La leche materna (LM) es el alimento por excelencia en los niños desde el nacimiento hasta los seis meses de edad. Es importante saber si las condiciones de vida precaria podrían limitar algunos nutrientes en la LM. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el contenido de grasa total (GT) y de ácidos grasos esenciales de cadena larga (LC-PUFA), en leches maternas maduras de mujeres venezolanas de estratos socioeconómicos bajos. Los valores de GT (3.56 ±1.18 g/ por ciento) coinciden con los reportados en otras publicaciones. La suma de LC-PUFA n-3 fue 0,3 ± 0.04 por ciento lo cual se corresponde con una dieta materna baja en ácidos grasos serie n-3. Especialmente notorio es el hecho que al calcular la cantidad de 22:6 n-3 que podría aportar la leche materna promedio a un recién nacido de un mes (consumo de 750 ml/día de leche) está por debajo del requerimiento calculado (70 mg/dia). La mayoría de estas muestras proveen la cantidad de DHA estimada como conveniente para mantener un adecuado crecimiento del recién nacido. También se exploró como el tiempo (8h y 24h) y la temperatura de almacenamiento (+40C, +150C y +250C) pueden afectar su composición. Estos datos permitirán elegir las mejores condiciones de muestreo y almacenamiento de la leche materna para futuras investigaciones en diversas áreas de Venezuela. Si bien la mayor parte de los ácidos grasos de la leche materna pueden tolerar varias horas a temperatura de unos 250C, los ácidos LC-PUFA son muy vulnerables. Se propone, en consecuencia, que las muestras, tomadas en recipientes estériles y en hielo seco deben ser transportadas en pocas horas al laboratorio para mantenerlas a -700C hasta el momento del análisis.

Breast milk is the main food in infants from birth until six months old. It is important to know if precarious life conditions could limit some nutrients in mother’s milk. The objective of this study is to evaluate the total fat and essential long chain fatty acids in mature breast milk from low socioeconomic levels in Venezuelan women. The values of total fat (3.56 ± 1.18 g/ percent) are similar that reported in the literature, however the sume of LC-PUFA n-3 was 0,3 ± 0.04 percent which is related whith low n-3 fatty acid maternal diet.The sume LC-PUFA n-3 contained in this study is below most of the reviewed publications. The average amount of 22:6 n-3 in breast milk offered to newborn one month old (750 ml/day) is below estimated requirements (70mg/day). The majority of these samples provide to the infants, the amount of DHA estimated as convenient to sustain normal growth. Also it was explored how the time (8h to 24 h) and temperatura (+40C, +150C y +250C) can affect its composition. This data will permit to select the best condiitions of sampling and storage of mother’s milk in future investigations in different regions of Venezuela. Most of the breast milk fatty acids tolerate some hours at room temperature (250C) but essential long chain fatty acids are very vulnerable. We propose that, in consequence, that samples should be transported in sterile conditions in dry ice to the laboratory in a few hours and should be kept at -700C until their analysis.

Efeitos e mecanismos de ação dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 na prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares / Mechanisms of action of polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention

A ingestão de óleo de peixe tem demonstrado efeitos benéficos na prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e este efeito está relacionado à presença de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3, em especial dos ácidos eicosapentaenóico (EPA, C20:5n-3) e docosahexaenóico (DHA, C22:6n-3), encontrados nos óleos de peixes de águas frias e profundas como salmão, arenque, atum e sardinhas. Estes compostos têm demonstrado importante ação antilipêmica, antiinflamatória, antitrombótica, antiarrítimica, anti-hipertensiva, entre outras. A ingestão de óleo de peixe em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica e hiperlipoproteinemia diminuiu os níveis séricos de fibrinogênio, a viscosidade plasmática e a resistência vascular periférica total. Eles também atuam ajudando a manter a elasticidade da parede das artérias, impedindo a coagulação do sangue, reduzindo a pressão sangüínea e estabilizando a arritmia cardíaca. O seu principal efeito nas doenças coronárias é a redução da produção de tromboxana A2, agregante plaquetário que favorece a trombose. Outra ação destes compostos é a redução nos níveis de triacilgliceróis e da lipoproteína de densidade muito baixa (VLDL), porém com aumento da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL). O aumento da LDL com redução da VLDL parece estar relacionado com a conversão da VLDL em LDL ou à redução na atividade do receptor de LDL. O EPA e o DHA modulam a resposta inflamatória, atuando na diminuição da transcrição de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e na expressão de moléculas de adesão na superfície vascular. Este estudo propõe-se a revisar os principais mecanismos envolvidos na prevenção de DCV pelos ácidos graxos n-3.

Fish oil ingestion has shown beneficial effects for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, and this effect is related to the polyunsaturated fatty acids, specially eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, C22:6n-3), found in fish from cold and deep water, such as salmon, tune and sardine. These compounds have important antilipidemic, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhytmic, and antihypertensive action. Fish oil ingestion in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteinemia decreased fibrinogen serum levels, plasmatic viscosity and total peripheral resistance. They also act by helping to maintain artery wall elasticity, preventing blood coagulation, reducing blood pressure and preventing fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Their major effect in coronary disease isthe decrease production of thromboxane A2, platelet aggregant that favors thrombosis; another effect is the reduction of tryacylglicerol levels and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), although with low density lipoprotein (LDL) increase. This increment seems related to the conversion of VLDL in LDL or to the decreased activity of LDL receptor. EPA and DHA modulate inflammatory reaction through the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines transcription and adhesion molecules expression on the vascular surface. This review proposes to study the main mechanisms evolved in CVD prevention by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effects of n-3 fatty acids on prevention and therapy of tumor / 肠外与肠内营养

n 3 fatty acids belong to essential fatty acids. It includes linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ). Many researches proved that n 3 fatty acids can suppress many kinds of tumor cells, and defense the occurrence of tumor. This article reviewed the effects and mechanism of n 3 fatty acids in defension and suppression of tumor.